August 31: Meaning (information, definition, explanation, facts)

August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining, as the final day of August.

Events

• 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora dies suddenly without children to succeed the throne, ending the Macedonian dynasty
• 1864 - American Civil War: Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1876 - Ottoman sultan Murat V is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid II.
• 1886 - Earthquake kills 100 in Charleston, South Carolina
• 1888 - Mary Ann Nicholls is murdered. She is perhaps the first of Jack the Ripper's victims
• 1895 - John Brallier is paid US$10 plus expenses to play football for the Latrobe, Pennsylvania YMCA, making him the first professional football player.
• 1897 - Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector.
• 1907 - England, Russia and France form the Triple Entente alliance.
• 1914 - Ecuador becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
• 1915 - Brazil becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
• 1920 - Polish-Bolshevik War: A decisive Polish victory in the Battle of Komarów.
• 1920 - First news radio program broadcast in Detroit, Michigan.
• 1931 - Production of Ford Motor Company's Ford Modelends, with 4.3 million produced.
• [[1939 - Nazi Germany mounts a staged attack on Gleiwitz radio station, giving them an excuse to attack Poland the following day, starting World War II.
• 1943 - The USS Harmon, the first U.S. Navy ship to be named for a black person, is commissioned.
• 1945 - The Liberal Party of Australia is founded by Robert Menzies.
• 1957 - The Federation of Malaya gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
• 1962 - Trinidad and Tobago become independent.
• 1965 - The Aero Spacelines Super Guppy Aircraft makes its first flight.
• 1978 - William and Emily Harris, founders of the Symbionese Liberation Army, plead guilty to the 1974 kidnapping of newspaper heiress Patricia Hearst.
• 1980 - The Solidarity trade union is formed in Poland.
• 1985 - Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" serial killer, is arrested in Los Angeles, California.
• 1986 - An Aeroméxico Douglas DC-9 collides with a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, California, killing 67 in the air and 15 on the ground.
• 1986 - The Soviet passenger liner Admiral Nakhimov sinks in the Black Sea after colliding with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev, killing 398.
• 1989 - Buckingham Palace officials confirm that Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips are to be separated.
• 1991 - Kyrgyzstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
• 1992 - Pascal Lissouba is inaugurated as the President of the Republic of the Congo after a multiparty presidential election, ending a long history of one-party oppressive rule under the Congolese Workers Party.
• 1994 - The Provisional Irish Republican Army declares a ceasefire.
• 1997 - Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in a car crash in Paris.
• 1998 - North Korea reportedly launchs Kwangmyongsong, its first satellite.
• 1999 - The first of a series of Russian Apartment Bombings in Moscow, killing one person and wounding 40 others.
• 2004 - Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ is released on DVD and VHS in stores across the United States, selling approximately 4.1 million copies by the end of the day.
• 2005 - A stampede on Al-Aaimmah bridge in Baghdad kills 1,199 people.

• 12 - Gaius Caligula, Roman Emperor (d. 41)
• 161 - Commodus, Roman Emperor (d. 192)
• 1569 - Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1627)
• 1663 - Guillaume Amontons, French physicist and instrument maker (d. 1705)
• 1721 - George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol, British statesman (d. 1775)
• 1811 - Theophile Gautier, French poet and novelist (d. 1872)
• 1821 - Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician (d. 1894)
• 1834 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (d. 1886)
• 1870 - Maria Montessori, Italian educator (d. 1952)
• 1878 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933)
• 1879 - Alma Mahler, wife of Gustav Mahler, Walter Gropius, and Franz Werfel (d. 1964)
• 1880 - Queen Wilhelmina I of the Netherlands (d. 1962)
• 1885 - DuBose Heyward, American playwright (d. 1940)
• 1897 - Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)
• 1903 - Arthur Godfrey, American television host (d. 1983)
• 1907 - Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines (d. 1957)
• 1907 - William Shawn, American editor (d. 1992)
• 1908 - William Saroyan, American novelist and playwright (d. 1981)
• 1913 - Sir Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer
• 1914 - Richard Basehart, American actor (d. 1984)
• 1916 - Daniel Schorr, American journalist
• 1918 - Alan Jay Lerner, American composer (d. 1986)
• 1924 - Buddy Hackett, American actor and comedian (d. 2003)
• 1928 - James Coburn, American actor (d. 2002)
• 1931 - Noble Willingham, American actor (d. 2004)
• 1935 - Frank Robinson, baseball player and manager
• 1935 - Eldridge Cleaver, American political activist (d. 1998)
• 1938 - Martin Bell, British journalist and politician
• 1945 - Van Morrison, Irish musician
• 1945 - Itzhak Perlman, Israeli violinist
• 1948 - Lowell Ganz, American screenwriter
• 1948 - Rudolf Schenker, German guitarist (Scorpions)
• 1949 - Richard Gere, American actor
• 1949 - H. David Politzer, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1953 - György Károly, Hungarian author
• 1956 - Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer
• 1958 - Edwin Moses, American athlete
• 1961 - Anri, Japanese Singer
• 1968 - Todd Carty, British actor
• 1970 - Deborah Gibson, American singer
• 1970 - Queen Rania, Queen of Jordan and wife of King Abdullah II
• 1972 - Chris Tucker, American actor
• 1977 - Jeff Hardy, American professional wrestler
• 1977 - Craig Nicholls, Australian singer, songwriter, and guitarist (The Vines)
• 1982 - Jose Reina, Spanish footballer

• 651 - Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish bishop and missionary
• 1056 - Theodora, Byzantine Empress (b. 981)
• 1234 - Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (b. 1212)
• 1372 - Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (b. 1301)
• 1422 - King Henry V of England (b. 1387)
• 1645 - Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (b. 1566)
• 1654 - Ole Worm, Danish physician (b. 1588)
• 1688 - John Bunyan, English writer (b. 1628)
• 1741 - Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (b. 1681)
• 1772 - William Borlase, English naturalist (b. 1695)
• 1782 - George Croghan, American colonist
• 1795 - François-André Danican Philidor, French chess player (b. 1726)
• 1799 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (b. 1720)
• 1814 - Arthur Phillip, British admiral, first Governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
• 1867 - Charles Baudelaire, French poet (b. 1821)
• 1920 - Wilhelm Wundt, German psychologist (b. 1832)
• 1941 - Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (b. 1892)
• 1963 - Georges Braque, French painter (b. 1882)
• 1967 - Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (b. 1891)
• 1969 - Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)
• 1973 - John Ford, American film director (b. 1894)
• 1978 - John Wrathall, President of Rhodesia (b. 1913)
• 1979 - Sally Rand, American dancer and actress (b. 1904)
• 1985 - Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
• 1986 - Henry Moore, English sculptor (b. 1898)
• 1986 - Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (b. 1900)
• 1997 - Diana, Princess of Wales (vehicular collision) (b. 1961)
• 1997 - Dodi Fayed, Egyptian-born film producer (vehicular collision) (b. 1955)
• 2002 - Lionel Hampton, American vibraphone player (b. 1908)
• 2002 - George Porter, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
• 2004 - Carl Wayne, English singer (b. 1943)
• 2005 - Józef Rotblat, Polish physicist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1908)
• 2005 - Michael Sheard, British actor (b. 1940)

• Calendar of Saints - Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, San Abbondio, Saint Raymond Nonnatus
• Moldova: Day of Our Language (Limba Noastra)
• Malaysia - Hari Merdeka, a National Day (independence within the Commonwealth, 1957)
• Kyrgyzstan - Independence Day (from USSR, 1991)
• Trinidad and Tobago - Independence Day (from Great Britain, 1962)
• United Kingdom - the cut-off day which defines the school year for pupils.
• United States - the cut-off day for most schools that determines grade level (some people born on this date are grouped with the next set)

August 30 - September 1 - July 31 - September 30 -- listing of all days