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Roman has several meanings, primarily related to the Roman citizens, but also applicable to typography, math, and a commune.
Roman
The noun Roman means a citizen of Rome. The adjective Roman means pertaining or related to Rome. The name Romans in historical texts often refers to the three main epochs of ancient Rome:
- Roman Kingdom — 753 BC to 509 BC — there were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic.
- Roman Republic — 509 BC to 44 BC — traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC
- Roman Empire — 44 BC to AD 476 — conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Caesar Augustus
- Byzantine Empire — "Eastern Roman Empire" 330 to 1453 — the eastern section of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which remained in existence after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
- Holy Roman Empire — c. 900 to 1806 — political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.
- Roman surface — self-intersecting immersion of the real projective plane into three-dimensional space, with an unusually high degree of symmetry.
Roman is a family of typographic fonts, the most famous and common of which is Times New Roman.
- Roman Catholic Church — largest of the Christian churches that profess the Catholic faith.
- Roman Missal — book containing all the fixed and changeable prayers and readings for the conduct of Roman Catholic Masses.
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