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| As the reader can see, this page is very long. Mistakes can easily be |
| List of requested monarchs: |
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Bohai (渤海) |
Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.
From the Shang dynasty to the Qin, rulers usually held the title King (王 wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin emperor Qin Shi Huangdi created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 huángdì). This title of Emperor continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
| Reign name2 | Notes | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|
| Yu 禹 |
Also known as Da Yu, 大禹 |
Yu |
| Qi 啟 |
Son of Yu; beginning of hereditary succession |
Qi |
| Tai Kang 太康 |
Tai Kang | |
| Zhong Kang 仲康 |
Zhong Kang | |
| Xiang 相 |
Xiang | |
| Shao Kang 少康 |
Shao Kang | |
| Zhu 杼 |
Zhu | |
| Huai 槐 |
Huai | |
| Mang 芒 |
Mang | |
| Xie 泄 |
Xie | |
| Bu Jiang 不降 |
Bu Jiang | |
| Jiong 扃 |
Jiong | |
| Jin 廑 |
Jin | |
| Kong Jia 孔甲 |
Kong Jia | |
| Gao 皋 |
Gao | |
| Fa 發 |
Fa | |
| Jie 桀 |
Also known as Lü Gui, 履癸 |
Jie |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | ||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xia (夏), for example Xia Yu (夏禹). | ||
| Personal name | Reign name2 | Temple name3 | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang 湯 |
1600 BC - 1300 BC | Tang | ||
| Wai Bing 外丙 |
Wai Bing | |||
| Zhong Ren 仲壬 |
Zhong Ren | |||
| Tai Jia 太甲 |
Tai Jia | |||
| Wo Ding 沃丁 |
Wo Ding | |||
| Tai Geng 太庚 |
Tai Geng | |||
| Xiao Jia 小甲 |
Xiao Jia | |||
| Yong Ji 雍己 |
Yong Ji | |||
| Tai Wu 太戊 |
Tai Wu | |||
| Zhong Ding 仲丁 |
Zhong Ding | |||
| Wai Ren 外壬 |
Wai Ren | |||
| He Dan Jia 河亶甲 |
He Dan Jia | |||
| Zu Yi 祖乙 |
Zu Yi | |||
| Zu Xin 祖辛 |
Zu Xin | |||
| Wo Jia 沃甲 |
Wo Jia | |||
| Zu Ding 祖丁 |
Zu Ding | |||
| Nan Geng 南庚 |
Nan Geng | |||
| Yang Jia 陽甲 |
Yang Jia | |||
| Pan Geng 盤庚 |
1300 BC - 1251 BC | Pan Geng4 | ||
| Xiao Xin 小辛 |
Xiao Xin | |||
| Xiao Yi 小乙 |
Xiao Yi | |||
| Wu Ding 武丁 |
1250 BC - 1192 BC | Wu Ding | ||
| Zu Geng 祖庚 |
1191 BC - 1148 BC | Zu Geng | ||
| Zu Jia 祖甲 |
Zu Jia | |||
| Lin Xin 廩辛 |
Lin Xin | |||
| Geng Ding 庚丁 |
Kang Ding 康丁 |
Kang Ding | ||
| Wu Yi 武乙 |
1147 BC - 1113 BC | Wu Yi | ||
| Wen Ding5 文丁 |
1112 BC - 1102 BC | Wen Ding | ||
| Di Yi 帝乙 |
1101 BC - 1076 BC | Di Yi | ||
| Zi Zhou 子紂 |
Di Xin 帝辛 |
1075 BC - 1046 BC | Di Xin | |
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | ||||
| 2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯). | ||||
| 3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice. | ||||
| 4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. | ||||
| 5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁). | ||||
Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:
| Personal name | Posthumous name | Reign years1 | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ji Fa 姬發 |
Wuwang 武王 |
1046 BC-1043 BC1 | Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou) |
| Ji Song 姬誦 |
Chengwang 成王 |
1042 BC-1021 BC1 | Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou) |
| Ji Zhao 姬釗 |
Kangwang 康王 |
1020 BC-996 BC1 | Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou) |
| Ji Xia 姬瑕 |
Zhaowang 昭王 |
995 BC-977 BC1 | Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou) |
| Ji Man 姬滿 |
Muwang 穆王 |
976 BC-922 BC1 | Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou) |
| Ji Yihu 姬繄扈 |
Gongwang 共王 |
922 BC-900 BC1 | Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou) |
| Ji Jian 姬囏 |
Yiwang 懿王 |
899 BC-892 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Pifang 姬辟方 |
Xiaowang 孝王 |
891 BC-886 BC1 | Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou) |
| Ji Xie 姬燮 |
Yiwang 夷王 |
885 BC-878 BC1 | Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou) |
| Ji Hu 姬胡 |
Liwang 厲王 |
877 BC-841 BC1 | Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou) |
| Gonghe (regency) 共和 |
841 BC-828 BC | Gonghe | |
| Ji Jing 姬靜 |
Xuanwang 宣王 |
827 BC-782 BC | Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Gongsheng 姬宮湦 |
Youwang 幽王 |
781 BC-771 BC | Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou) |
| Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼 |
Pingwang 平王 |
770 BC-720 BC | Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou) |
| Ji Lin 姬林 |
Huanwang 桓王 |
719 BC-697 BC | Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou) |
| Ji Tuo 姬佗 |
Zhuangwang 莊王 |
696 BC-682 BC | Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Huqi 姬胡齊 |
Xiwang 釐王 |
681 BC-677 BC | Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou) |
| Ji Lang 姬閬 |
Huiwang 惠王 |
676 BC-652 BC | Zhou Huiwang (King Hui of Zhou) |
| Ji Zheng 姬鄭 |
Xiangwang 襄王 |
651 BC-619 BC | Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou) |
| Ji Renchen 姬壬臣 |
Qingwang 頃王 |
618 BC-613 BC | Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ban 姬班 |
Kuangwang 匡王 |
612 BC-607 BC | Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou) |
| Ji Yu 姬瑜 |
Dingwang 定王 |
606 BC-586 BC | Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou) |
| Ji Yi 姬夷 |
Jianwang 簡王 |
585 BC-572 BC | Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou) |
| Ji Xiexin 姬泄心 |
Lingwang 靈王 |
571 BC-545 BC | Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou) |
| Ji Gui 姬貴 |
Jingwang 景王 |
544 BC-521 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Meng 姬猛 |
Daowang 悼王 |
520 BC | Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou) |
| Ji Gai 姬丐 |
Jingwang 敬王 |
519 BC-476 BC | Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou) |
| Ji Ren 姬仁 |
Yuanwang 元王 |
475 BC-469 BC | Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou) |
| Ji Jie 姬介 |
Zhendingwang 貞定王 |
468 BC-442 BC | Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou) |
| Ji Quji 姬去疾 |
Aiwang 哀王 |
441 BC | Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou) |
| Ji Shu 姬叔 |
Siwang 思王 |
441 BC | Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou) |
| Ji Wei 姬嵬 |
Kaowang 考王 |
440 BC-426 BC | Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou) |
| Ji Wu 姬午 |
Weiliewang 威烈王 |
425 BC-402 BC | Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou) |
| Ji Jiao 姬驕 |
Anwang 安王 |
401 BC-376 BC | Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou) |
| Ji Xi 姬喜 |
Liewang 烈王 |
375 BC-369 BC | Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou) |
| Ji Bian 姬扁 |
Xianwang 顯王 |
368 BC-321 BC | Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou) |
| Ji Ding 姬定 |
Shenjingwang 慎靚王 |
320 BC-315 BC | Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou) |
| Ji Yan 姬延 |
Nanwang 赧王 |
314 BC-256 BC | Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou) |
| Huiwang 惠王 |
255 BC-249 BC | Zhou Huiwang2 (King Hui of Zhou) |
|
| 1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||
| 2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty. | |||
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: Qin Zhao Shang Wang (秦昭襄王 qin2 zhao1 xiang1 wang2) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhao Shang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang Di was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". | ||
| Zhao Xiang Wang|昭襄王 zhao1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Ze|嬴則 ying2 ze2 or Ying Ji|嬴稷 ying2 ji4 | 255 B.C.-250 B.C. |
| Xiao Wen Wang|孝文王 xiao4 wen2 wang2 | Ying Zhu|嬴柱 ying2 zhu4 | 250 B.C. |
| Zhuang Xiang Wang|莊襄王 zhuang1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Zi Chu|嬴子楚 ying2 zi5 chu3 | 249 B.C.-247 B.C. |
| 始皇帝 shi3 huang2 di4 | Ying Zheng|嬴政 ying2 zheng4 | 246 B.C.-210 B.C. |
| Er Shi|二世 er4 shi4 | Ying Hu Hai|嬴胡亥 ying2 hu2 hai4 | 209 B.C.-207 B.C. |
| Zi Ying was often referred using personal name or Qin Wang Zi Ying (秦王子嬰 qin2 wang2 zi5 ying1) | ||
| Did not exist | Ying Zi Ying|嬴子嬰 ying2 zi5 ying1 | 207 B.C. |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Han" + posthumous name | |||
| Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD | |||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1) | 206 B.C.-195 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2) | 194 B.C.-188 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 | 188 B.C.-184 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 | 184 B.C.-180 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2) | 179 B.C.-157 B.C. | Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C. |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3) | 156 B.C.-141 B.C. | Chngyuan (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C. Houyuan (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C. |
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4) | 140 B.C.-87 B.C. | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C. Yuanguang(元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C. |
| Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4) | Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2) | 86 B.C.-74 B.C. | Shiyuan (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-80 B.C. Yuanfeng (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C. |
| Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) | Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4) | 74 B.C. | Yuanping(元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C. |
| Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4) | Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2) | 73 B.C.-49 B.C. | Benshi (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C. Dijie (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C. |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4) | 48 B.C.-33 B.C. | Chuyuan (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C. Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C. |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2) | 32 B.C.-7 B.C. | Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-28 B.C. Heping (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C. |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1) | 6 B.C.-1 B.C. | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C. |
| Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4) | Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4) | 1-5 | Yuanshi (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5 |
| Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) | Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1) | 6-8 | Jushe (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8 |
| the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang | 9-23 | Shijianguo (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13 Tianfeng (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19 |
|
| Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4) | Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2) | 23-25 | Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25 |
| Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD | |||
| Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4) | Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4) | 25-57 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56 Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1) | 58-75 | Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75 |
| Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4) | Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2) | 76-88 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84 |
| He Di (和帝 he2 di4) | Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4) | 89-105 | Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105 |
| Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) | Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2) | 106 | Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4) | 106-125 | Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113 Yuanchu (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2) | Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4) | 125 | Yanguang (延光 yan2 guang1) 125 |
| Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4) | Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2) | 125-144 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132 Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135 |
| Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4) | Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3) | 144-145 | Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145 |
| Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4) | Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3) | 145-146 | Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146 |
| Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4) | Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3) | 146-168 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150 |
| Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4) | Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2) | 168-189 | Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172 Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) | Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4) | 189 | Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189 Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189 |
| Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4) | Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2) | 189-220 | Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189 Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wei 220-265 AD | |||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 | 220-226 | Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 | 226-239 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 |
| Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) | Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 | 239-254 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 |
| Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) | Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 | 254-260 | Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 | 260-265 | Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 |
| Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) | 劉備 (liu2 bei4) | 221-223 | Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) | 223-263 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 |
| Wu 222-280 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) | 孫權 sun1 quan2 | 222-252 | Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 |
| Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) | Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 | 252-258 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1 | 258-264 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264 |
| Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) | Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4 | 264-280 | Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 | 265-290 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 | 290-306 | Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 |
| Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) | Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 | 307-311 | Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313 |
| Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4) | Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 | 313-317 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317 |
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD | |||
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 | 317-322 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 | 322-325 | Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 | 325-342 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 |
| Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) | Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 | 342-344 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344 |
| Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) | Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 | 345-361 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 | 361-365 | Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 |
| Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) | Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 | 365-371 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 | 371-372 | Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) | Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 | 372-396 | Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 | 396-418 | Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 | 419-420 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Did not exist |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318 |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329 |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350 |
| Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Li Te|李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338 |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 388-400,409-412 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 |
| Did not exist | Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 ) | |||
| Did not exist | Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | ||